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HIV prevalence beginning to fall in South African children
Carole Leach-Lemens, 2012-05-29 07:30:00
HIV prevalence fell sharply among children admitted to one of South Africa’s largest hospitals in 2009 and 2010, but remained high at 19.3%, researchers from Chris Hani Baragwanath (CHB) Hospital in Soweto report in the advance online edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
In the 15 years preceding 2009 HIV prevalence among children admitted to the hospital had remained remarkably constant, peaking at 31.7% in 2005, indicating the extremely high rate of vertical HIV transmission in South Africa prior to the implementation of up-to-date interventions to reduce vertical transmission.
However the persisting high prevalence indicates that despite improvements in the efficacy of interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission, huge numbers of pregnant women with HIV in South Africa were still failing to receive effective interventions that could prevent their child from acquiring HIV.
Additionally these four independent surveillance studies undertaken in 1996, 2005, 2007 and 2011 in the paediatric wards of CHB Hospital show HIV-related death rates declining in the latter three periods from 24% (2005) to 12% (2007) and 12.3% (2010/2011).
While pneumonia was the most common cause of death throughout, deaths attributable to tuberculosis (TB) steadily increased from 18%, to 26.3% and 44% in 2005, 2007 and 2010-11, respectively. TB continues to be an important co-infection in HIV-infected children.
These results show an encouraging trend but with close to one fifth of the approximate 6000 admissions in 2010/2011 to the CHB paediatric wards HIV-related improved coverage as well as prevention of TB disease and death remain critical.
In 2009 South Africa had an estimated 330,000 HIV-infected children (over 13% of children infected worldwide) and as many as one in three deaths among children under the age of five are estimated to be HIV-related.
Tracking HIV prevalence of children admitted to hospital has been used as an indication of the effect of HIV on health services for children. At CHB hospital this has been evaluated on and off for about 20 years. 23 children were diagnosed with HIV between May 1989 and April 1990. From 1990 to 1996 HIV-related paediatric admissions increased from 1% to close to 30%, reflecting the rapid increase of HIV among pregnant women. During this same period in-hospital paediatric HIV-related death rates increased by 42%.
2004 saw the beginning of ART provision for adults and children by the South African department of health. While uptake has been slow, South Africa now has the largest ART programme in the world with an estimated 54% paediatric ART coverage in 2010. Evaluation of the effectiveness in 2010 of the national PMTCT programme showed that 31.4% of infants were HIV-exposed while the MTCT rate was 3.5% in these infants at 4-8 weeks of age.
In light of these programming improvements the authors chose to describe the effect on HIV prevalence and in-patient death rates among children admitted to CHB hospital.
CHB hospital, serves a population of 1.4 million in Soweto, Johannesburg in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Close to 6,000 children up to 15 years of age are admitted every year.
Methods among the surveillance studies differed. For the most recent from August 1 2010 to 31 January 2011 children were enrolled prospectively from one of four general paediatric wards.
From October 1 to 31 December 2007 a cross-sectional retrospective review of all children admitted to all four wards was undertaken.
The 2005 study was part of a larger sentinel surveillance study to monitor the effect of HIV on heath services in Gauteng Province. Information was collected for all patients admitted in four hospitals over a 4-6 week period in April and May 2005. CHB was one of the sites and children were enrolled from all four wards.
From July 1 to 31 December 1996 children under the age of five admitted to one ward at CHB were enrolled.
The results show an encouraging trend: decreased HIV-related paediatric hospital admissions and overall death rates. Such progress, note the authors, is reflective of improved PMTCT programmes and ART coverage.
In addition over the time period new vaccines were introduced into the South African immunisation programme against influenza, pneumonia and diarrhoea. While less effective in HIV-infected children they have shown efficacy in reducing the burden of these diseases.
The authors suggest increased death and disease due to TB may reflect an increase in TB prevalence because of increased household exposure or the increased risk for TB immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in children taking antiretroviral therapy in the more recent time periods. While there are improved tools for TB diagnosis, diagnostic methods for paediatric TB have not changed so this cannot explain the rise in TB-related deaths in the later time periods.
The authors stress “efforts to prevent TB disease and death should focus on the use of isoniazid preventive therapy, early diagnosis and treatment of TB.”
Death rates declined among HIV-infected children. While there was no significant change in death rates among HIV-uninfected children they were consistently lower than in their HIV-infected counterparts: 11.2% (65/565) and 24% (43/179) in 2005; 6% (91/1510) and 12% (53/440) in 2007; and 4.2% (18/429) and 12/3% in 2010-11, respectively.
Children under six months are especially vulnerable to HIV-related death. This study showed a decrease both in death rates and absolute numbers admitted among this age group in 2010-11: 66.7% (18/27, 2005) 70% (28/40, 2007) and 44.4% (4//9, 2010-2011). This finding leads the authors to “cautiously anticipate a reduction in infant and under five mortality rates…to attain MDG4 of a two thirds reduction in under five mortality by 2015.”
The median age of children with HIV admitted increased in 2010-11; from 9.13 months (IQR: 3.6-28.8) in 2005 and 10 months (IQR: 3.0-44.5), p>0.10 in 2007 to 18 months (6.2-69.8), p=0.048 in 2010-11. The increase in median age is explained, the authors note, by the continued expansion of PMTCT programmes resulting in fewer infants becoming infected.
Limitations include the absence of a uniform surveillance system at the hospital so all surveys used different methodologies making any direct comparisons difficult.
Budgetary constraints meant fewer staff were available to get informed consent from caregivers in 2010-11, resulting in the smallest sample size of the studies. The authors did not believe this resulted in bias.
CHB is a large, urban academic hospital in a well-resourced province so these findings may not be generalizable to lesser-resourced or rural settings.
The authors conclude “even though results from the PMTCT programme are reassuring, HIV is a preventable condition in children, and most cases should be successfully prevented…A high index of suspicion for HIV-infection should be maintained and routine HIV screening of all children presenting at health services should increase in order to diagnose all infants and older children. With continued effort, South Africa can regain some ground in attaining the MDG4 target and substantially reduce new HIV infections and HIV-related deaths among children.”
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